Montessori †Purpose of Education Essay

In the above mentioned lines Dr. Maria Montessori wants to convey that purpose of education is not just transfer the knowledge from person to person or teacher to students but to help students release their full human potential. It is not just that teachers give and students take either way they get understood or not. â€Å"Education is a natural process carried out by the child and is not acquired by listening to words but by experiences in the environment† (The Absorbent mind, p-24, chapter-3). Education is a natural process which carried out by the human individually, no one can teach them. Education should take a new way of seeking and improving the human potential and human life. From the Montessori philosophy point of view potential is only develop if proper environment is there, with environment child also need freedom. Education is a observe child potential during a child development period. Child is very receptive to new learning experiences on their sensitive periods. So we have to carefully observe the child potential and interest and develop them. Every child is born with potential, adult only can developed that potential though right guidance and with right environment. Education helps the child in developing a love of learning. Education is not only done by listening to the words, child also needs practical exposure also. Through practical exposure they will learn easily and get understand in a better way, which also helps them in future also. If we want to teach etiquette to child or how to behave with their younger and elders then we would have to follow the practice first so that children may imitate and follow us. Montessori felt that adult should not assume that the child is empty and filled with our knowledge and experience. It is important to standard that the child has his own potential for life. For revealing that potential they only need proper environment. Potential + environment = development of potential. Environment, potential, freedom all are interrelated with each other. Children like to work as well as play. Dr. Montessori believe that potential is develop by their own ability. Small children are able to have good mental concentration. Child want mastery in an activity for this they repeat that activity again and again and they love that repetition. Child wants to know the activity in detail. Children also love for order. They want their material in proper order. Adult should teach that order properly. After using material teaches them put it back. When child choose the material then they enjoy that material and do that activity deeply with full concentration and capability. Children want to have choice so adult give them freedom of right to choice. Children love to work, they can’t sit idle. They want to do some constructive work. They want material which can help them to grow. For children no need of rewards and punishments. It’s adult responsibility to give them proper guidelines. Children’s have their sense of personal dignity. They also feel bad. They also love to clean themselves. Child get understand everything so don’t take them as granted. Children like silence, they only need environment. Teacher should start teaching from sounds of the letters n then from small letters. Children are able to write and read. If a child gets the material he/she is going to discipline. There are no competition, child get attach with material or with their friends. Teacher should know how she has to maintain discipline with material. Man is born in a civil environment and animal is born in a natural environment. That’s why child take more time for walk and talk as compare to animal’s child. Man move by using their mental ability which he has by birth but it’s not visible and we take as granted. Same way child have their own personality, they only need to develop. Personality consist of 4 developments- physical development by provide them specious space so he can move their finger’s movement etc, intellectual development by giving them freedom of choice though which they can use their mental ability and by giving full information as per as possible, social development and emotional development. They all development is also called unified personality. Child unified personality is revealed by self realisation or self construction. Spiritual embryo means self realisation. A child is in pure form when he is born. Self construction only develops if â€Å"will† is there. A lot of will is developing man’s intelligence, so we have to extra care to child. Mind, body, actions and will is interrelated with each other. â€Å"There is interchange between the individual, the spiritual embryo, and its environment. It is though the environment that the individual is moulded and brought to perfection† (the secret of childhood, p-35, ch-6). Spiritual embryo is a place where mental development is takes place. PDPP (pre determine psychic pattern) is a decided pattern which he is born with it, but it invisible or hidden inside. And for developing PDPP proper environment is required. It is also called NEBULAE. Whatever pattern with they born, they will become that, no one can change that pattern. It is unique potential. E. g- twins also have different finger prints. Same as MNEME, is a super power or through which we remember everything. Its create urge to achieve the particular skill. PDPP is only developed if prepared environment is available. Living and non living things is in environment. Environment should be by prepaid by knowledgeable adult who know the needs of child and according to the child nature not to the adult mood. Teacher should be good observer; she should know the necessary changes in environment. There is a link between environment and child. Child is born with potential, if potential is not there than how they use environment? Only when a child is free to use environment then he show his creativity and potential. Freedom helps the child to improve their potential. Freedom of movement is most important for children. Adult should give them to move from one place to other place. Through this freedom physical development is taking place. But child have to careful they do not violin the rules and should not disturb the others, adult should make some limitations and rule. With physical development, mental development is also takes place. Freedom of movement is also help in developing â€Å"will† in children. Will is involved on their freedom of choice. They perform constructive work with their choosy material. Intellectual development is also developing. Teacher or adult make sure they give them right choice. Adult should try to attract child’s attention towards material. To express their feelings child need to speak. We should allow the child to speak or talk to everybody without scaring from anybody. Teacher should give them freedom of speech so they easily develop their communication skills, expressing thoughts, vocabulary. But teacher should observe that child does not use abusive language and harsh words. Teacher should be good role model. Every child is born with their different personality, don’t force them for anything. Children should have competition with them self. Give them freedom from competition. Order will help in self esteem. Order of his proper environment is very important for children. It should be grouped. It should be arrange in concrete to abstract. If concrete method we used to teach they will learn easily and fast. Adult should provide them practical exposure. Without order very different to learn. He feels safer and also feels familiar. Adult should be a good role model. Teacher can use curriculum also and should be prepare organised. Always show real picture to child. Don’t give fantasy world otherwise they will live in fantasy. Always present real material through which they develop sense of responsibility. Children love to work with real materials. The internal aim of child is developing their infrastructure and mental development. With the help of real material they learn concentration. Every material should be meaningful and purposeful for the child. Real material is helping in developing their senses on their sensitive periods. â€Å"It is in the environment of the maternal guiding instincts with the sensitive periods of the newly born that conscious love develops between parent and child. † (Secret of childhood, ch-8, page- 216) Sensitive period is starting when child born. Parents have big hand on developing child senses. During sensitive periods child life are like windows of opportunity a child get to learn different skills. The child is extra sensitive to the stimuli it gets to learn a particular skill at those periods. Adult should give right guide during this period so they develop their sensitivities easily and faster. In between developing senses child get close with their adult or parent. Main motive of sensitive period is to develop child ability and goal of development as called SENSOTIAL EXPLORE. Child born with their personality so they are ready to learn by birth. Children’s have five senses- touch and organ is skin, taste and organ is tongue, sight and organ is eyes, smell and organ is nose and last sound/ hearing and organ is ear. Child have 6 sensitive periods in which they develop their senses and first is sensitivity to order in between 1-2 year. Child want stability in environment and for that order should be there. So adult should keep the environment orderly so children can develop their confidence level and self esteem. Second is sensitivity to learning though the five senses- senses are active by birth in child. Though senses they easily differentiate between objects. Example- sounds of different animals. They only need practical exposure and freedom for using their senses. Third is sensitivity to small objects- child always loved to choose small objects which they carry easily and can’t able to see big object properly. Adult should provide them small objects. Fourth is sensitivity to co-ordination of movement- children have reason to move. Their co-ordination of movement is only develop if will is there and will is only develop if adult give them of movement. Movement is also helping them in developing physical development. Fifth is sensitivity to language- if child is not exposing himself in language then he can’t able to express his feelings and his language is get spoil. Adult should give them freedom of language so he develops his vocal cod and vocabulary. Last or sixth is sensitivity to social aspects- learning in the play group is the best way of learning and children love to work with their friends. Adult should motivate them for interact with other child and being social. So adult should provide them that type environment through which they will develop their sensitive periods. Sensitive periods show the pattern which chid follows in gaining knowledge of his environment. On the other side absorbent mind is the way child absorb from the environment. Impressions do not merely enter his mind, they form it. They incarnate themselves in him. The child creates his own â€Å"mental muscles† using for this what he finds in the world around him. We have named this type of mentality (The absorbent mind, ch-3, page- 25). Child does not have impressions of environment, they form in his mind. Child develop their mental muscles by own and use in the world. They only want environment for store more and more things in their brain. And they use that collection in differentiating between 2 objects. There are2 types of period. One is unconscious mind period is between 0-3 yr. n which they absorb everything from environment. Second is conscious mind is between 3-6 yr. in which he is in embryonic stage or self construction period. PDPP and mneme is developing in conscious period. PDPP is a natural law of nature. There are 8 natural laws of development. First is law of work is taking place in both physically and mentally. Mind and physical energy called work. Adult should provide them purposeful work, through which child learn about peace, relaxing. Mental stage of child will be seen. Second is law of independence in this law child want to doing anything without any help is called independence. It is very important for child to be independent otherwise he relay every time on others. Adult should give freedom to do it. Third is power of attention. Pay extra attention is called power of attention. Adult should provide them small objects so they concentrate easily in an object. Fourth is development of will- decision make + action taken= will. there are 3 stages of will – one is spontaneously repeat action, second is he take decisions and then he take action and sense of responsibility is develop. Third is they doing work by their own, he discipline himself. Fifth is development of intelligence- intelligence is the ability make judgement an orderly manner and as soon as fast. Respond the stimuli very quickly and very sharply is called intelligence. Adult should provide them sensorial material so they develop their intelligence. sixth is development of child imagination and creativity- dr. Montessori believe that adult should provide real material to child not fantasy or imaginative otherwise child also start believing in fantasy. Creativity and imagination is only developing if real material should be available. Seventh is development of emotional and spiritual life- attachment of child and mother called emotional and spiritual life? Adult should help the child in developing social, emotional and spiritual life by loving and warm. Eighth is stages of growth and development- there are 4 stages first is 0-3-6 yr. is self construction in this period , second is 6-9-12 in this stage child is very comfortable, calm, cool stage, third is 12-15-18 in this period lots of disturbance is taking place is also called teenage for both male and female. Physical disturbance and hormones changes is also taking place, fourth is 18-21-24 children become settle down. They become mature, calm, understandable person. In whole philosophy adult have big role. Teacher should give directions to children. Child’s lead and teacher’s follow. Teacher should plan out the thing or she can make curriculum. Children have to develop himself in peace without any disturbance so its teacher responsibility to provide them that type of environment. Environment is the most important in releasing child potential so teacher showing herself as a growing person, she can’t be stagnant. She has 2 fold roles one is prepaid environment – she should keep such material through which child develop holistically. It should be interesting for child and force to work with material, it encourage to child. Material should be purposeful, aim for it. It will be help in discipline, obedience, mental development will takes place. Teacher should be place right material in the classroom. It will not heart him emotionally. Teacher should be neat and clean. Everything will be changing on the daily bases. Keep material changes otherwise they feel bore. Changes motivate the child and make them enjoyable. Place material according the child age. Teacher should make sure child should follow rules or limitations. Teacher should guide them in a orm manner. New material should be bring for children so become they learn more things. Teacher should give freedom of choice, freedom of speak, freedom of movement etc. adult prepare the environment and express to the child. Teacher need to give freedom of work with the environment. Teacher should be actively passive which means don’t do work for them; let them work to do ourselves. Teacher should have unified personality. Teacher should have active, creative, energetic, pleasing appearance etc. She needs to be knowledgeable or child psychology and child development knowledge should she have. She should be scientific observer. She should have faith in the child or believe in the child potential. She should not have judgemental. She should assist the child to developed his will and towards self discipline. She helps the child towards independence. She should good observer- she observe that how child use material, his behaviour towards material. Conclusion From the proceeding sections one can infer that education is not mere flow or exchange of information but provision of holistic environment such as the child may undergo all round development and his full potential is realised to the child, teacher, parents and the society. Free the child’s potential, and you will transform him into the world† (Dr. Maria Montessori, website-www. montessori. org). The essential purpose of Montessori is that give environment and freedom both are equally important for child development. If any of them is absent child get spoil badly. It is adult responsibility to give them that environment with freedom to use tha t environment carefully and orderly.

Symphony No in Cm

There are many similarities between Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 in C Minor and Mozart Symphony no. 40 In G Minor. For example, both works have extremely recognizable motives. These works have been played on commercials, In advertising, and in places most people can't even pinpoint. One of the main reasons is that these works carry strong motives that reoccur both rhythmically and melodically throughout the pieces. The opening four notes to Beethoven's work may possibly be the most recognizable in all of music history.Throughout this entire piece, you hear the repetition and imitative polyphony of these four notes resounding throughout every section. The French horns bellow this motive during the development section, which creates a grandiose feeling Into the next section. Mozart Is not quite as demanding in his use of these motives, but rhythmically speaking it is very present. The repeating rhythm of two eighth notes and a stressed quarter note can be heard all throughout. They both use harmonic minor to ensure a stronger V to I resolution.Without this â€Å"raised† note, the progression Is Just not as convincing. They both depict the new style of Classical music by employing more dynamics; the long crescendos In the building string lines create a more dramatic effect when reaching the climax of the phrase. Where as they both use the V to I cadence for a driving effect, Beethoven uses the diminished chord very effectively in some of his abrupt stops. The listener is left totally in suspense as to what will come next. Beethoven's use of a motive Is unfailing.Almost every phrase Is an answer or imitation either directly reciprocating the previous melody or rhythm In every orchestral section. This creates more of a sense of urgency to get to the end of the lines. He also uses his orchestra a bit more effectively. From the opening sequence of notes bowed with severity in the low octaves of the stringed instruments, the listener is left with a feeling of inte nsity about the piece. Mozart orchestration sounds a bit more â€Å"light and airy. † He uses many scales and runs that resemble a â€Å"nicer sound almost from the Baroque era.It reminds me of listening to contrapuntal lines from a Bach Fugue; the virtuosity Is there, but the passionate and emotional feelings are Mozart use of the brass section is not as big and pompous as Beethoven's is. French horns really stand out in Beethoven's work; It gives a more poignant sound that is different from the driving string sections. Whereas horns cannot be nearly as virtuosic in running lines, it is extremely effective to use them to bolster the grand theme heard. However, both composers utilize their woodwinds sections effectively.With the opening themes primarily driven by strings, they both translator towards the middle of the pieces to sweeter melodies carried by the flutes and clarinets. Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 In C Minor resonates more with me than does the other piece. It defi nes the minor tonality more distinctly and makes it more of a moody piece, which I prefer more. I like his string writing more than that of the Mozart piece. I really enjoy hearing the basses come above the top of the ensemble ND dominate the sections.This, of course, may be why I am a bass player at heart. I chances for a change in emotion. In movie scores, they use the big fully diminished chord spelled out in the entire orchestra as a suspense hanger; he does the same thing in these giant crescendos and immediate stops. At one point, the piece modulates into its relative major which creates a sense of completion. Mozart doesn't do this; it sounds like a series of scales and runs that never comes to full fruition of a climax.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Multimedia Computer Science Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Multimedia Computer Science Essay Multimedia is a combination of text, graphics, sound, animation, and video, interactive electronic or digital means of manipulation delivered to the user. Multimedia elements, including text, video, sound, graphics and animation. Used in the multimedia elements are present. Multimedia is only these elements are combined into a powerful new tool. The media elements in the world’s leading business and multi-platform multimedia services, video games and digital entertainment. Our work with our customers to provide the best solutions, while also providing the multimedia services they need to do this in order to achieve its market. We can create a very exciting and interesting and innovative and cost-effective technology, and then sell the item. Therefore, multimedia continues to play a huge role in keeping the attention and interest of the online advertising. . Interactive multimedia animation mode converted into a static image, therefore, to attract and encourage people to click on ads. Today there are thousands of sites on the Internet, the competition for customers in an unprecedented height. What ideal can be separated from your site depends on the nature of competition has been registered on your site any multimedia elements. Multimedia elements, such as through social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. So I would like to discuss about the multimedia elements in Twitter. Video is one of the multimedia elements that can be promote through by Twitter. . Promoting videos involves embedding your links into several highly trafficked websites. People can easily watch your company or product videos. Music helps your company or brand to easily connect emotionally with its consumers. Animated images can be used to provide product demonstrations and presentations of the award-winning. You can easily demonstrate the features and benefits of your product and, therefore, to encourage consumers to try them out. Interactive video or image, but al so to help your business build relationships with consumers can watch your company’s product commercials and respond by posting their views or comments. If you provide useful feedback, then you can easily establish long-term lasting relationships with consumers. When shooting video ads, graphics, or composer, you need to pay a lot of attention. You must produce the quality of work, not only interesting, but also cited the induced action. If you can not be delivered or the production quality of the multimedia elements, and then hire a professional multimedia experts, should be your next best choice. Multimedia marketing to produce amazing results, if it is a correct implementation. Conversely, if you produce a substandard video or graphics, then your company’s image or reputation will be severely damaged. Therefore, you need to carry out a thorough study, so that you can come up with creative multimedia concepts, the interest of many consumers. Employ a creative multime dia agency or corporate guarantee, provide you with high-quality multimedia concepts, it is possible to improve your website traffic or sales. Element in Twitter Out of all the elements, the most influential text on the quality of interactive multimedia. In general, the text provides important information. The text as a cornerstone of the tying of other media elements.

7.5 part 1 review questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

7.5 part 1 review questions - Coursework Example Planning should also encompass an anticipation and evaluation of the impacts of future developments (Oz 98). Planning should also entail building a shared vision and undertaking decisions on what goals an organization wants to obtain. The action plan for the organization should explain on what actions to undertake to reach their set goals. Prototyping refers to the rapid development and testing of working models of new applications in an interactive and iterative process that involves both IS specialists and business professionals. Prototyping ensures the development process is faster and easier for business professionals and IS specialists. Prototyping has opened up the application development process for end-users as it simplifies and accelerates systems designs. The advantage of prototyping is that it is extremely useful where there is uncertainty about design solutions or requirements. Prototyping is also useful in producing systems that meet user requirements. Prototyping is also vital in designing an information system’s end user interface. The disadvantage of prototyping is that when it is rapidly conducted it can gloss over vital steps in systems development. Prototyping can also fail to have essential security controls built in. rapidly constructed systems can also fail to accommodate large volumes of data or users. What does SDLC stand for? What are the phases of the SDLC? Explain in one or two sentences of your own words what happens in each phase. If problems occur during the SDLC, is it better to identify and solve those problems near the beginning or the end of the SDLC process? SDLC stands for systems development life cycle. It refers to an application development life-cycle. It is a commonly used term in information systems, software engineering, and systems engineering. SDLC gets used to elaborate a process for planning, testing, creating, and developing an information system. There are several stages

Ethics in Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ethics in Financial Management - Essay Example In the article discussed in this paper we see how a person in power takes advantage of his position for personal gain. Henry M. Paulson was the Treasury secretary during the Bush Administration. He was also a major shareholder of Goldman Sachs. Mr. Paulson wanted to make it seem as if his ethical standards were implacable. He sold all his shares of Goldman Sachs and vowed not to get involved in any issues associated with the investment banking sector since he had many friends and colleagues in the industry. Getting involved in issues associated with the investment banking sector would constitute a conflict of interest ethical violation. A conflict of interest occurs when a person has a conflict between his private interest and the individual public obligations (Answers, 2009). The Treasury secretary was in the middle of the entire bailout package scandal. When the government allocated $85 million dollar of the bailout money to the American International Group (AIG), Mr. Paulson’s former employer, Goldman Sachs, received millions of dollars in debt collection from AIG as a consequence of the b ailout package deal. Even though Henry Paulson claims he did nothing wrong and that his actions were not unethical in any way because he was simply doing his job as secretary of treasury, many Wall Street experts believed Goldman Sachs received preferential treatment during the entire process. During the AIG bailout package took place Mr. Paulson spoke the CEO of Goldman Sachs over two dozen times (Morgenson & Van Natta, 2009). The amount of phone calls exceeds by a lot the conversations the governmental official had with any other Wall Street executive. Mr. Paulson claimed he received an ethics waiver. To me this waiver seems like a cheap excuse because the treasury secretary’s actions were clearly an ethical violation since his former employer was receiving preferential

RICHARD RODRIGUSE-THE ACHIEVMENT OF DESIRE Essay - 1

RICHARD RODRIGUSE-THE ACHIEVMENT OF DESIRE - Essay Example The use of Hoggart’s explanation offers Rodriguez the best expression in which he expresses the differences and experiences of a school and captures the mind of the reader to imagine an extreme situation of loneliness and isolation. The use large Hoggart’s quotes as used in Rodruguez (599) to define the clear circumstances under which the schoolboy had to persevere is captivating. The large quotes define the home background and the school background and how the school boy had to develop different adaptations in both cases. These large quotes have been used exactly to fit the description as offered by Hoggart and Rodriquez does not expound on them. This means that he finds an exact replica of the life of school boy in Hoggart’s discussion, and does not have to expound on them as they have more command compared to his analysis. This trend continues through the story. The use of these quotes without elaborating on them might mean that Rodriguez considers Hoggart to be more superior, just like a teacher-student relationship and Rodriguez finds these quotes much superior to his own account of events. Rodriguez continuously breaks the rule as he cites large quotes to be part of his book and does not offer an elaboration on them. This is like combining two books in one. The use of Hoggart’s scholarship boy by Rodriguez is a direct contrast to the life of the school boy by Rodriguez. Hoggart’s â€Å"scholarship boys’ have their success on special anxiety, they are good troubled sons and able to manage a fairly graceful transition. They learn to live in two different worlds in their day. These ‘scholarship boys’ as defined by Hoggart, much yearn for both home and school (Rodriguez, 600). Rodriguez ‘scholarship boy’ is somehow different and instead of being troubled by the knowledge and accustoming to both environments, the scholarship boy is more indulged in learning to strengthen his resolve, and

Assess the hierarchical structure of the court system in England and Essay

Assess the hierarchical structure of the court system in England and Wales. To what extent does the common law doctrine of bindi - Essay Example The court system is a hierarchical structure that begins from the bottom at the County Courts and Magistrate Courts, the High Court and Crown Court, the Court of Appeal, and the highest court which is the Supreme Court (Jones, 2011). The hierarchical structure serves two fundamental purposes. First, it enables the formation of a lineage of consistent and uniform decisions through the binding system of judicial precedent, which requires judges at lower courts to consider and follow decisions of judges at higher courts in making their judgements. Second, it enables defendants to appeal against decisions made at lower courts by forwarding their appeals to higher courts. This paper discusses the hierarchical structure of the court system in England and Wales, and the extent to which it engages with the common law doctrine of binding precedents. The Structure of the Court System in England and Wales The court system in England and Wales is hierarchical in structure (Jones, 2011). This â⠂¬Å"means that certain courts are superior to other courts† (Jones, 2011, p. 17). The lowest courts, which are the County and Magistrate Courts, try civil and criminal cases that are not too serious respectively. At the second rank are the Crown Court and the High Court. The Crown Court tries criminal cases, while the High Court tries civil cases with a limited scope over criminal cases. This rank is followed by the Court of Appeal. This court hears appeals from both civil and criminal cases that have been tried at lower levels be it at Magistrate or County Courts, Crown Court or the High Court. At the highest tier of the system is the Supreme Court. This court is the ultimate appellate court and hears appeals for both civil and criminal cases (Jones, 2011). In this structure, Magistrate and County Courts are regarded as inferior courts, while the rest of the courts are regarded as superior courts (Jones, 2011). The courts in the hierarchy follow the doctrine of binding preced ent, and this can be seen from the way cases are handled between lower and higher courts. The following diagram shows the structure of the English court system: Cited in Jones, 2011, p. 17 Magistrate Courts Magistrate Courts are located at the bottom of the hierarchy. Within England and Wales, there are about 1500 Magistrate Courts (Jones, 2011). They are a crucial component of the criminal justice system, as they deal with cases that are criminal in nature. Magistrate Courts have three lay magistrates who hear the cases brought before the court and rely on the counsel of a Clerk, who is legally qualified in providing advice on the law, to make decisions regarding procedure and sentencing (Jones, 2011). The jurisdiction of a Magistrate Court in a criminal trial depends on the nature of the offence, often its seriousness. This is the yardstick used to determine whether a case should be heard at the Magistrate Court or Crown Court. When a case before the magistrate court is too seriou s, or when the sentence that the magistrates need to impose needs to be sufficiently severe, the case is forwarded to the Crown Court. County Courts County Courts also lie at the bottom of the hierarchy. There are approximately 220 County Courts in England and Wales, which deal with cases involving civil disputes (Jones, 2011). The bench of a County Court comprises of a Circuit Judge who hears more

Social Intelligence of People Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Intelligence of People - Assignment Example Albrecht scale of behavioral concepts can help identify areas of human interaction that need to be addressed for improved social skills. I have achieved a score of 91 on Albrecht’s self-assessment quiz which has revealed my nourishing and toxic behavioral traits. Five aspects of each are discussed as below. Five of my most nourishing traits are: communicating openly and honestly; acknowledging and affirming others; expressing respect for others’ ideas; and sympathize with others; and keeping confidences. These have helped me to build a constructive social relationship with lots of genuine friends and well-wishers. These attributes have also given me credibility amongst friends and acquaintances, facilitating improved performance in academia as well as personal development as an individual. Respecting others’ ideas has helped me to develop critical thinking and providing me with the ability to look for new opportunities even in adverse circumstances. My five toxic behaviors include: monopolizing conversation; sometimes snappy and moody having low tolerance; interrupting others and not listening patiently to others; bragging, and manipulating others for my own goals. These traits have created some enemies and have blocked my progress in the work arena. They have also created distrust amongst some of my acquaintances and obstructed my progress in studies as well as frustrated my efforts for strengthening my relationships others. These traits have led to reduced trust and respect amongst my friends and peer group. I would like to have more communication skills as they are important tools for resolving conflicts. It is an important mechanism of expressing and explaining facts that could create problems for oneself and others. A person, who makes effort to develop better ways of communicating with other people, is able to strengthen his/her personal and  professional relationship and facilitate a better understanding that paves way for a productive outcome.  Moreover, the vast scope of communication, in terms of behavioral pattern, language used and non-verbal means of contact are important aspects which are extremely relevant in the social interaction.  

Compare and Contrast Oedipus the King and Death of a salesman Essay

Compare and Contrast Oedipus the King and Death of a salesman - Essay Example Both plays have got ends that have got tragedies that are followed by accidents. For instance the act of putting the queen to death looks like just a mere twist of fate but it is in fact a catastrophic act that is faced by Oedipus in future. Wily’s death is a tragedy whereas his son’s failure to embark on business is a catastrophe (Cohen, 2003).Both plays draw the concentration of the audience in appreciating the manner in which human behavior can have profound emotions on a person. Oedipus after discovering the truth blinds himself, whereas Willy maintains that his son must become a businessperson even after finding out that his son is not interested in business at all. In both plays, the key characters are portrayed as having heroic qualities. Oedipus is a hero in his own right and there is no doubting that. This becomes evident and clear when he refuses to be victimized at all and instead chooses to remain totally loyal to Thebes people.Willy on other side kills himself for the noble cause of making sure his family is develops. In both plays, the key protagonists are tragic heroes. Both plays represent cultures and lifestyles settings that are completely different. Death of salesman represents a present day tragedy whereas Oedipus represents an old heroic tragedy.Willy’s story is about present day activities like insurance and sales, unlike the story of Oedipus which is told in a traditional setting. In Oedipus, the main protagonist is the king who is painted as a very confident, however the feeling that he portrays of himself to the audience about the real self is quite different. Oedipus on other hand is so full of himself and feels outstandingly perfect(Cohen,2003).Although Willy looks like he was treading on the right course in his activities just the way Oedipus did, he does not live to face the outcomes of his activities like Oedipus. While

Jews of Spain relationship with Islamic and Arabic Culture Assignment

Jews of Spain relationship with Islamic and Arabic Culture - Assignment Example Islamic â€Å"tolerance† had made living under the Muslims’ power more attractive choice than to live under the Christian one in North Europe. â€Å"Tolerance† meant that though Jews of Spain were considered as â€Å"a second-class†, they had some rights and servitudes. â€Å"Jews were allowed to live securely in their autonomous communities and to develop: they were not fossils† (Cohen 31). That kind of order comes from Qur’an where it’s told, that Jews like Christians were â€Å"People of the Book†, and as they worshiped one God, Muslims must stay tolerant to them while they obey some Muslim rules. For example, it was forbidden to build new houses of worship, and for a Jewish man to marry a Muslim woman; it was required to wear different cloth from Muslims and some positions (as in government or other authoritative positions) were forbidden to be held by Jews; and Jews ought to pay taxis etc. (Cohen 32). Most of the Jews had a ccepted these rules and their inequality and subordination in exchange of living without constant persecutions Jews in North Europe suffered. Other social positions and jobs were open to Jews under the Muslim power, like in marketplace and trades, or medicine; Jews were craftsmen etc. â€Å"Jews mixed freely with their Muslim counterparts, even forming partnerships† (Cohen 32-33). Frequently Jews even â€Å"served the government in official capacities† (Stefon 61). Mark R. Cohen says, the described type of relationships explains why Jews were so open to Arab-Islamic cultural influence (34). Another reason to communicate deeply with the Arabic culture was its connection to the great philosophical and science heritage of Greeks. Most of the texts were written in Arabian, so through the Arabic culture there was a way to a new knowledge in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, philosophy, political theory, aesthetics etc. (Stefon 62). So Arabic style was associated with a good taste and Jews along with the Muslims â€Å"enjoyed a cultural

Climate Change Essay Example for Free

Climate Change Essay Climate change also known as global warming is a worldwide natural phenomenon that has threatened the existence of many plant and animal species as well as the human race. Because of the significant amount of greenhouses trapped within the earth’s atmosphere, the planet is on the verge of having erratic and unpredictable climate patterns. For the last decade, the world has witnessed the initial effects of climate change particularly during the Hurricane Katrina tragedy and the intensified drought in Africa. According to the â€Å"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change† (IPCC), in the future, the likelihood of experiencing worse conditions of flood, drought and â€Å"other forms of extreme weather† will be rampant. Eventually, this will only lead to more loss of life and the destruction of the biosphere (United Nations Environment Programme). The common green house gas that is emitted into the atmosphere is carbon dioxide (CO2) which is being produced at an alarming rate. During the industrial revolution, the CO2 emission was measured at 280 parts per million (ppm) but now in the modern age, the level of CO2 has reached 390 ppm and it is continuously increasing by 1. 5 to 2 ppm every year. Based on the research conducted by environmental experts, the temperature in the earth’s atmosphere should only be at 2 degrees Celsius in order for all life forms to tolerate the warmth or coldness of the atmosphere. Also, scientists disclosed that there is a â€Å"50 per cent chance of keeping to 2 °C if the total GHG concentration remains below 450 ppm† (United Nations Environment Programme). Given these data, it has been evident that the production of green house gases had greatly affected the dynamics of the environment. As a result, a set of related problems have surfaced such as amplified carbon emissions, dependence on fossil fuels and use of excessive natural raw materials and energy for infrastructures. In the contemporary world, fossil fuels have been considered as one of the essential elements needed to live a comfortable modern life. In its basic form, fossil fuels are not damaging but the moment they are burned that is the only time they become harmful because they produce carbon dioxide. More so, the quantity of CO2 yielded would depend on the fuel’s carbon content. For the production of a â€Å"unit of energy,† more or less ? of CO2 is generated from coal. According to the statistics, â€Å"fossil fuels supply 85%of the primary energy consumed in the United States and are responsible for 98% of emissions of carbon dioxide. † More so, a startling figure of 80% has been attributed to the â€Å"carbon dioxide emissions† of many Americans which is credited to the utilization of â€Å"coal and petroleum fuels. † Though the industrial sector is the biggest consumer of energy, it is not the highest producer of CO2 emission. Because of the dependence of the transportation segment in petroleum, it has become the number one emitter of CO2 (Energy Information Administration). Also, the commercial and residential sectors contribute to the energy consumption by being too reliant on electricity produced by fossil fuels. Given this circumstance, the US government had signed the Kyoto Protocol which is intended to dramatically lessen carbon emissions across the globe. However, the US withdrew from its commitment and since then its CO2 production had risen to â€Å"more than 15% above 1990 levels. † More so, former President Bush disclosed in 2001 that the US government would not ratify the Kyoto Protocol because it would only result to a financial crisis and other countries particularly the developing ones were not compelled to reduce their CO2 production. Furthermore, he mentioned that CO2 reduction would be more possible if it is done in a voluntary manner and â€Å"through the development of cleaner technologies† (BBC). Since little efforts have been implemented to stop the emission of CO2 and to break the dependence towards fossil fuels, the natural resources are rapidly depleting and the earth’s temperature is continuously rising. However, there is still hope for this worsening environmental situation. Many alternative methods and products that can be utilized in order to mitigate the effects and eventually stop climate change. There are three potential policies that can be implemented by every government or institutions in the world which are the following: (1) Transportation conservation; (2) Use of Biofuel; and (3) Building Efficiency. These policies can significantly address the issues concerning climate change if it will be solidly implemented by concerned organizations or government agencies and strongly supported by the public. Transportation conservation is a process that involves the act of minimizing the use of gas-powered vehicles that emit the harmful carbon gases. The policy concerning transportation conservation can be implemented in the community or national level in order to feel its utmost impact to people’s daily living and even in the environment. There are many ways on how to make this policy work. The promotion for the use mass public transit would be an initiative that will lessen the consumption of fuel gas thus carbon emissions. Based on statistics, there over 65% of the population drive alone, only 20% practices carpool, â€Å"5% walk, 3% work at home† and a shocking 7% uses the public transit system specifically in the states of Chicago and New York. Through this, an ordinary individual can save up an average of 700 gallons of gas annually which costs $1000 to $2000 (University of Oregon). Second, in order to minimize travel, people can opt to work at home (telecommuting) or close to their home. By adapting this lifestyle, people would be less dependent on the use of cars or any type of vehicles. More so, people can opt to walk or use a bike or any vehicle that does not require gas in order to go from point A to point B. Once this is implemented and carried out by thousands of people, it is definite that there will be a significant decline in the earth’s temperature. It has done before during World War II and is surely possible and doable in the modern era. Another solution would be to remove the dependence to fossil fuel gas. It is not easy to disregard the conveniences that people have grown into. But by seeking alternative ways to power the people’s vehicles, the earth’s atmosphere can still be salvage. Biofuel is a renewable energy that is harvested from renewable sources including biomass such as wheat and corn. Unlike fossil fuels, these natural resources can easily be produced in an environmentally-friendly way. The many benefits of using biofuel are â€Å"energy security, reduce greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions, improve vehicle performance, enhance rural economic development and, under the right circumstances, protect ecosystems and soils† (International Energy Agency 11). If biofuel will be imposed as the perfect alternative to gas, it will make a huge difference in resolving climate change. On the other hand, the consumption of energy of infrastructure also contributes in the increase of the releases of CO2. Usually, buildings in the US use up to 40% of energy and 70% electricity. Government and non-governmental organizations have started to campaign for the construction of green or smart buildings. This type of infrastructure focuses on the optimal use of the natural resources and energy for a â€Å"large-scale avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions and reduction in U. S. demand for fossil fuels† (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). To be able to build energy efficient infrastructures, certain green standards must be established. But first, owners of existing commercial buildings must be persuaded to modify their buildings to become energy efficient which will help them save more money and more profits (Klustner). Among the three mentioned potential policies on climate change, transportation conservation is the best and practical way to alleviate the effects of global warming. It is an easy and simple method that everyone can follow. However, in order for this policy to work, public support and implementation sustainability must be guaranteed. Works Cited â€Å"Biofuels for Transport: An International Perspective. † 2004. International Energy Agency. 23 March 2009 http://www. iea. org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004. pdf â€Å"Building efficiency technologies. † 2009. Massachusetts Institute of Technology http://web. mit. edu/mitei/research/innovations/efficiency. html â€Å"Climate change: The big emitters. † 4 July 2005. BBC. 23 March 2009 http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3143798. st â€Å"Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, and Energy. † May 2008. Energy Information Administration. 23 March 2009 http://www. eia. doe. gov/bookshelf/brochures/greenhouse/Chapter1. htm Klustner, Kevin. â€Å"The Six Degrees of Building Efficiency. † 5 September 2007. Greenerbuildings. com. 23 March 2009 http://www. greenerbuildings. com/feature/2007/09/05/the-six-degrees-building-efficiency â€Å"Saving energy in the Transportation Sector. † 1999. University of Oregon. 23 March 2009 http://zebu. uoregon. edu/1999/ph161/l24. html â€Å"What is Climate Change?. † N. d. United Nations Environment Programme. 23 March 2009 http://www. unep. org/themes/climatechange/whatis/index. asp

Contributors of the Periodic Table of Elements Essay Example for Free

Contributors of the Periodic Table of Elements Essay The First International Congress of Chemists took place in September 1860 in Karlsruhe, Germany to review scientific matters that there was little agreement to. Following this congress led to the development of the periodic table of elements. Top contributors to the periodic table included Staislao Cannizzaro, Dmitri Mendeleev, Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley, John William Strutt, William Ramsay, Friedrich Ernst Dorn, and Glenn Seaborg. Stanislao Cannizzaro, born in 1826 and died in 1910, was an Italian chemist. He presented a method to measure atomic masses and to interpret the results of the measurements. Cannizzaro’s method aided scientists into agreeing standard values for atomic masses. The scientists then searched for relationships among atomic masses and other properties of the elements. Dmitri Mendeleev, born in 1834, was a Russian chemist, and is sometimes considered as the ‘father of the Periodic Table’. Mendeleev was in the process of writing a chemistry textbook and he wanted to organize the elements according to their properties. Mendeleev created a table where elements with similar properties were grouped together. Mendeleev’s table left several empty spaces because there were elements that had not been discovered yet. Then in 1871, Mendeleev predicted the existence and properties of three elements. His predictions were a success and it led to scientists accepting his periodic table. Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley, born in 1887, was an English scientist that discovered that atomic number, not atomic mass, was the basis for the organization of the Periodic Table. Moseley and Rutherford performed multiple experiments on 38 metals and Moseley discovered a pattern in which the positive charge of the nucleus increased by one unit from one element to the next when the elements are arranged as they are in the Periodic Table. His studies also led to the modern definition of atomic number and it provided justification for Mendeleev’s ordering of the Periodic Table by properties rather than just by atomic mass. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table did not include noble gases because at that time it was not discovered then. The English physicists John William Strutt and William Ramsay discovered four of he noble gases. Argon and helium were discovered by the two scientists in 1894. To fit argon and helium into the table, they proposed a new group that was placed between Group 17 and Group 1. Then, krypton and xenon were discovered by Ramsay in 1898. Radon, the final noble gas, was discovered in 1900 by a German scientist named Friedrich Ernst Dorn. Glenn Seaborg was an American scientist and he discovered all the transuranic elements from 94 to 102. With this discovery, he was the last person to majorly change the Periodic Table by placing the actinide series below the lanthanide series.

Uk British Muslim Identity Sociology Essay

Uk British Muslim Identity Sociology Essay The purpose of this essay is to focus on the historical and contemporary construction of British-Muslim identity in U.K. and analyse its perceived relationship with radicalism. The first part of the essay will shed light on the problem of this umbrella term British-Muslim by highlighting the extent to which the religious identity of Muslims in Britain is beyond ethnic and national identities. In addition to this, this section will discuss whether putting a label of British-Muslim identity is legitimate, in terms of structure, meaning and a body of people who subscribe to the label. The next part of the essay examines why and how the British-Muslim identity has come to be associated with radical extremism. This section will include debates of integration and assimilation and discuss why some Muslims in the UK fail to achieve a sense of belonging in Britain and thus consequently turn to radical extremist organisations. In the end pertinent conclusions will be drawn based on the precedi ng arguments. Contemporary estimates suggest that the total population of British Muslims in the UK is approximately 2 million, or around 3.3% of the national population. This population is comprised of people from approximately 56 national backgrounds speaking around 70 languages including groups originating from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, North-Africa, the Middle East, South-East Asia, Iran and more recently Somalia, Iraq, Nigeria and Afghanistan as well as an increasing number of European Muslims including English converts.  [1]  Within these national backgrounds are a host of further ethnic divisions. For example, within the British Pakistani Muslim population there are Kashmiris, Punjabis, Sindhis and Pathans (Dahya, 2004: 77). Even further, many differentiate themselves based on Biraderi or clan, so that within the British Paksitani-Kashmiri Muslim population, there are Chaudaries, Rajputs, Kumars, Mistries and others. Such divisions based on Biraderi can heavily inform day to day rela tionships, marital and business partnerships as well as political allegiances (Shaw, 2000: 137). Within the wider framework of the British Muslim population there are strong denominational differences. There are the more widely known differences between Sunni and Shia Islam and the classical differences between the Hanafi, Shafii, Maliki and Hanbali Sunni schools of law. Then there are relatively recent denominational sects such as the Wahabi, the Deobandi, the Barelwi, the Ahl-e-Hadith as well as various Sufi brands of Islam (Raza 1993). Amongst British Muslims there are newly arrived immigrants, second and third generation immigrants whose parents and grandparents were born in the UK as well as indigenous converts to Islam whose ancestors came to the UK hundreds of years ago. On top of all these wide ranging attributes we must include the full spectrum of practicing and non-practicing Muslims, beginning with the very practicing for whom Islam is a complete way of life that informs every decision he/she makes, and ending with those for whom Islam is a mere relic of an ancient heritage, no longer important in contemporary life. In addition, socio-economic status can play a decisive role in the formation of identity within Muslim communities. Ansari notes that middle and upper-middle class Jordanians, Lebanese, Palestinians and Syrians appear to possess more multiplex relations with each other than with their own working-class compatriots (Ansari, 2004: 3). With all of these multifaceted differences it is clear that the term British-Muslim is one that is extremely complex and any accurate picture of the typical British-Muslim must be absent of colour, ethnicity, nationality, socio-economic status, political or denominational affiliation. However, one may then wonder, that despite such disparate and potentially conflicting sub-identities, how this term British-Muslim he come to be used so commonly among social scientists, academics, policy makers and the mass me dia. The next part of the essay discusses how, to a significant degree, many Muslims in the UK have overcome these internal differences and increasingly represent themselves as a united group of British-Muslims. Over the past few decades there has been heightened awareness and a greater level of self-representation of a British-Muslim identity among all sectors of Muslims in Britain. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, despite the vast array of varying cultures from which Muslims in the UK descend, Islam as a religion has inculcated a high degree of cultural uniformity across all regions in which it has spread. In the Development of Islamic Ritual, nineteen authors explore different aspects of Islamic ritual that are observed and performed through the Islamic world including the ritual performance of prayer 5 times a day, pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca and fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.  [2]  Many Muslims learn Arabic as a common language, share common names, use the same form of greeting and have the same dietary prohibitions. In recent years, the wearing of the Islamic headscarf has been adopted by females from a diverse range of ethnic and national background s as a powerful and expressive form of Muslim identity. In Why the French Dont like Headscarves, Bowen argues that for many Muslim women, the wearing of the Islamic headscarf is a conscious and deliberate display of Muslim identity that promotes social solidarity and community consciousness amongst the Muslim population. Thus, despite wide variances in the way Muslims from different backgrounds dress, there are numerous outward markers of Islamic identity that bind together disparate groups, whether they be in the performance of Islamic rituals or the wearing of Islamic clothing. Secondly, there has been a consistent drive from leaders amongst Muslims in the UK to form organisations representing Muslims at a national and international level. Mandaville (2003) argues that the media plays a key role in the development of British-Muslim identity, catering to second and third generation Muslims in the UK creating a public space in which issues relating to citizenship and belonging can be discussed. In Imagined Communities, Anderson argues that the invention of the printing press and the subsequent production of literature in vernacular languages across different regions of Europe helped to solidify nationalist sentiments by creating a sense of imagined community amongst those of the same linguistic background. Similarly, the growing British-Muslim media industry promotes a greater consciousness of Muslims from different backgrounds within the UK. The satellite TV channels named above cut across cultural, national and ethnic boundaries and serve as a unifying plat form of dialogue, news coverage and religious transmission heightening a sense of imagined community amongst Muslims in the UK.   ADD STUFF FROM MANDAVILLE and CESSARI Thirdly, despite the differences between the range of backgrounds from which Muslims in the UK originate, there are certain common interests which have brought together disparate groups of Muslims to lobby the government at a local and national level. For example, in 1994, Muslims in the UK launched the Halal Food Authority, an organisation to monitor and authenticate the halal meat and poultry trade in the UK, a service pushed for by Muslims from all backgrounds. Several arbitration tribunals, such as the Muslim Arbitration Tribunal, have been set up around to provide Muslims in the UK with legally binding dispute resolution mechanisms based on Islamic Sharia principles on family matters, inheritance and various commercial and debt disputes. During the outbreak of the Iraq War in 2003, much of the frustration felt by Muslims in the UK towards the government was channelled through peaceful protest facilitated by organisations such as the Muslim Council of Britain and Muslims of all b ackgrounds galvanised to speak with a louder and more unified Muslim voice. Such initiatives have required cross-cultural co-operation to achieve common aspirations amongst Muslims in the UK. Furthermore, Muslims in the UK have rallied together to show solidarity against perceived threats towards their community both nationally and worldwide. Samad (1996) and Saeed (1999) view the mobilisation of a British-Muslim identity as a response to the public devaluation and disparagement of Muslims that has lead to increased in-group solidarity. According to Ansari, the publication of the Satanic Verses (1988) and the first Gulf-War (1991) meant Muslims, more than ever, came to be imagined as outsiders, excluded from the essential notions of Britishness which, steeped in nostalgia, continued to be perceived as homogenous, Christian, white and rooted in past centuries (Ansari, 2004: 1). Such feelings of exclusion strengthened during the conflict in Boznia-Herzegovina (1993-1996), the War on Afghanistan (2001 to present), the War on Iraq (2003 to present), the publication of the cartoons depicted the prophet Mohammed (2005), EU immigration, asylum, race and security polices, includi ng the Terrorism Act 2006, which target Europes Muslim communities (Fekete 2009), the continuous demonization of Muslims in the media (Poole 2002, Gottschalk 2007) as well as Islamaphobia on a street level, which have all contributed towards a defensiveness among Muslims in the UK and a sense of common hardship. Ballard (1996) argues that that the increasing self-identification of second and third generation Pakistanis as Muslim is a reaction to their external rejection by the White majority and it is religion rather than ethnicity that takes prominence because it is the Muslim aspect of their identity which they feel is under attack. Thus, the increased ascendency of the Muslim aspect of a highly complex individual identity among some Muslims in the UK can be partly explained as a defensive reaction to perceived external threats. Moreover, Archer (2001) and Hopkins (2006) have argued that the transcendence of a British-Muslim identity above an ethnic or national based identity among young Muslims in the UK can be partly explained through an analysis of gender stereotypes and the performance of masculinity and femininity. Archer (2001) argues that young men construct a strong Muslim identity to counteract stereotypes of a weaker passive Pakistani or Bangladeshi identity and that talk of violence, action and hardness through religious idealism and martyrdom, drawing inspiration from ancient tales of Islamic conquest and bravery, can be seen as evoking a particular form of Muslim masculinity. Further, Archer argues that Islam provides a channel, whether scripturally legitimate or not, for men to discuss and define female behaviours as un-Islamic and thus an Islamic identity is expedient for the control and domination of women. Conversely, Akram-Nadwi demonstrates in Al-Muhaddithat: The Women Scholars in Islam, t hat Islam has for many generations, provided an avenue for female empowerment as an escape from the culture-bound patriarchy.  [3]  In Women and Islam: Images and Realities, Moghissi (ed.) expound upon the highly complex multifaceted realities of Islam, gender and female empowerment, revealing how both women and men selectively appropriate elements of Islamic doctrine in order to maximise their own empowerment within the scope of their circumstances. The politics of gender has made at least some contribution to the ascendency of a Muslim identity above ethnic or national identity for the UKs Muslim population. Finally, Muslim identity is used as an act of empowerment and to promote sense of belonging to an international body of people. Glynns study of Bengali Muslims in London (2002) shows that Islam provides young Muslims a positive alternative to the drug-culture to which they are exposed to within inner-cities. He writes the growing polarity between the drug culture and Islam is often remarked on. Islamic brotherhood is a potent antidote to alienationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Islam is something to be proud of, with a great history and international presence as well as religious promises of future glory, which can all transport its followers from the grey confines of the inner city (Glynn, 2002: 975). Through Islam, many Muslims obtain a sense of purpose, direction, history and belonging to a community broader than the narrowly restricted confines of their own neighbourhoods. Islam has also been used as a tool for empowerment within the family context. Macey (1999) suggests that Islamic prohibitio n on forced marriage is used by young Pakistanis in the UK to challenge parental pressures. Further, Islam is used to justify inter-racial marital relationships and to challenge the emphasis placed on colour, caste and ethnicity found in many cultural practices. Through Islam, many young Muslims in the UK find internal empowerment and tools to challenge parents and communities. For all of these reasons, a British-Muslim identity has emerged to unite disparate groups of people from a wide range of ethnic and national backgrounds. That there are Muslims in the UK is a fact, but the idea of a strong British-Muslim identity has only relatively recently come in to fruition and begun to assert itself. However, while many Muslims in the UK increasingly subscribe to this identity, it is not yet clear what it means to be a British-Muslim. We are now entering into the period in which the definitional boundaries of the British-Muslim identity are being constructed. In this period, competing fo rces, both internal and external to the British Muslim population, are actively contesting the details of the identity, pushing forward varying images of what a British-Muslim is supposed to be. A key arena in which this contest is taking place is in relation to radical extremism.    In light of these discussions, the next part of the essay will focus on radical extremism and the British-Muslim identity. In the aftermath of the 9/11 terror attacks in New York and the 7/7 bombing in London, much work has gone in to identifying the root causes of how a Muslim, born and raised in the UK, could be brought to take his own life and the lives of others with the sole aim of creating maximum devastation within his home country. Rather than limiting research to the exploration of the potential psychopathic tendencies of those individuals responsible for the terror atrocities, much research has suggested that the terror attacks were symptoms of deep rooted nation-wide problems with British-Muslim identity as a whole. It is alleged that such problems are responsible for the creation of radical extremist mentalities, broadly regarded as mentalities that foster violent hostility towards aspects of the British state. It is within this context that efforts by the UK Government t o prevent violent extremism operate. In order to better understand this context, it is necessary to explore how the perceived problems with British-Muslim identity have come to be associated with radical extremism. In Radical Islam Rising: Muslim Extremism in the West, Wiktorowicz provides a detailed study of Al-Muhajiroun, a UK based organisation aspiring towards the re-establishment of an Islamic Caliphate through both non-violent and violent means.  [4]  Al-Muhajiroun are a banned organisations in the UK under the Terrorism Act 2006 for glorification of terrorism. Wiktorowicz argues that Muslims in the UK who join this group are initially inspired by a cognitive opening which provides individuals with a willingness to expose them to the ethos of the organisation. This cognitive opening takes the form of an internal identity crisis that causes the individual to question what it means to be a Muslim in a non-Muslim society. Wiktorowicz suggests that one of the key triggers to this type of identity crisis is an individuals perception that Muslims are not accepted by British society. It would follow therefore that perceptions of discrimination would precipitate feelings of not belonging to B ritish society and leave an individual vulnerable to the message and ideology of organisations such as Al-Muhajiroun. Maxwells study of the 2003 Home Office Citizenship Survey revealed that according to the survey, there was no significant relationship between an individuals socio-economic well being and their perceptions of being discriminated against on the whole. However, the analysis showed that young university students were more likely than others to perceive that they were being discriminated against, despite being socially and economically better off than those who either could not afford or were otherwise unable to attend university. Wiktorowicz writes the experience of both racial and religious discrimination has prompted some young Muslims to think about their identity and how they fit into British society. This is particularly true of young university students who suffer from a sense of blocked social mobility (Wiktorowicz, 2005 :56).   According to this theory, it is frustration at being unable to accomplish what the individual perceives as being rightfully theirs that results in a heightened sense of alienation. This alienation provides some individuals with the cognitive opening necessary for joining organisations such as Al-Muhajiroun. An alternative theory suggests that young university students are more likely to perceive greater levels of discrimination due to knowledge acquired within the university environment. Taji-Fourakis work on Hizb-at-Tahrir (1996), another organisation aiming towards the establishment of an Islamic caliphate, suggests that the main appeal of Hizb-at-Tahrir for young university students is the organisations intellectual sophistication. University environments provide young Muslims the tools to research and debate issues relating to injustices of European colonisation and the partitions of the current Islamic world, giving some individuals the impetus to question their own place within the wider framework of interna tional political identities. Fouraki suggests that Hizb-at-Tahrir are able to capitalise on such thought processes and provide an avenue for such individuals to channel their grievances in a way that provides them with an opportunity to be a part of the supposed re-assertion of superiority of the Islamic world. According to these analyses, issues of identity play in to some individuals feelings of inferiority and rejection by the dominant host society. Such feelings provoke hostility, particularly among young highly educated Muslims, and lead to individuals wanting to become part of a greater force capable of retaliation towards the UK Government and institutions.  Ã‚   Herriots (2007) work on social identity theory suggests that people join groups and internalise the groups identity for two main reasons. The first reason is to fulfil the human need for self-esteem. Herriot suggests that many of those attracted to organisations such as Al-Muhajiroun and Hizb-at-Tahrir are those potentially lacking in a sense of dignity, acceptance or approval from the wider society. As such, some individuals substitute a divine power in place of society as the source of their self-esteem, finding dignity and validation in the performance of that which is understood to be gods will. The second reason is to fulfil the human need for certainty. Again, such organisations provide members with defined beliefs, values and norms, with the weight and authority of ancient and sacred texts that provide clear guidelines on what should and should not be done. Further, Herriot argues that the process of internalising a groups identity leads to the loss of an individual sense of s elf in favour of acting in accordance with the definition of identity provided by the category to which they belong. He writes individuals then behave as group members. Their actions are those of, for example, a radical Muslim or a born-again Christian. They are no longer those of Mohammed Atta or Howard Ahmanson as unique individuals with personal identities, but rather those same persons as members of categories to which they perceive themselves to belong (Herriot, 2007: 30). The individual is then less concerned about the elevation of the ego and more concerned about the advancement of the organisation as a whole. From this perspective, it is perhaps easier to understand why the actions of some members belonging to such organisations may seem self-deprecating or counterproductive to the individuals status or security, or even, as was the case with the 7/7 bombers, suicidal. Such explanations of the processes by which individuals join radical extremist organisations attribute blame to problems associated with British-Muslim identity. It is suggested that many Muslims in the UK struggle to find a social identity among the mainstream population in which they feel a sense of dignity, self-esteem and belonging and therefore resort to a competing identity which defines itself in opposition to the mainstream. It is within this context that the UK Governments policy directive towards preventing violent extremism finds justification for direct intervention in to the construction of British-Muslim identity. The rationale of such intervention supposes that violent extremism is caused by deep-rooted issues with the way in which Muslims in the UK conceptualise their belonging to British society. As such, the prevention of violent extremism requires intervention to neutralise such complications and promote a greater sense of belonging to British values, beliefs and p ractices among British Muslims. The manifestation of the UK Governments decision to intervene in the construction of British-Muslim identity is the PVE Fund. Chapter One analysed the construction of a British-Muslim identity, identifying the process by which a hugely diverse range of people from different backgrounds increasingly subscribe to this identity. The perceived problems associated with this identity provided a pretext for government intervention in to the British-Muslim identity through the PVE Fund and related measures to prevent violent extremism

Book Report On Of Mice And Men Essay -- essays research papers

Of Mice and Men In the beginning of the story, two men named George Milton and Lennie Small are trying to make their way to a small ranch in Salinas Valley, California. George is the leader of their two man tribe, despite Lennie’s intimidating size. George is filled with determination and confidence while Lennie is a simple man with a big heart. Up north, they had recently been run out of a town called Weed on account of Lennie. First of all, Lennie is not very smart, and becomes frightened and confused easily. Also, he enjoys petting animals and feelingthings that grab his attention. One night in Weed, Lennie and George had gone to a pool hall. Lennie saw a girl wearing a bright red dress. He grabbed on to the sleeve of her dress. The girl became scared and screamed; this frightened Lennie. He did not know what to do so he held on to the dress tighter. The next day, George found out that the girl went to the police and pressed charges against Lennie. The police were all over town looking for him. George and Lennie escaped by hiding in an irrigation ditch until nightfall and then leaving town. After that, they hitchhiked all the way to Salinas Valley, California where the story continues. The next day they arrived at their destination, the ranch where the would be working. That day, they met someone named Candy. He was an old man who had been working on the farm for many years. He also had an old dog. It was so stiff with rheumatism it could hardly walk. A few ...

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Christopher Columbus, reflecting on his voyage which led him to the discovery of America, said, "Following the light of the sun, we left the Old World." I am sure that after four years of high school, we have all formed our own opinion of Christopher Columbus - especially if you had Mrs. Powers - but whether you view him as a genocidal rogue or the first American Hero, I find his quote fitting for where we stand today. As we set sail, leaving behind the Old World of Coleman High School, there are many things that I am sure none of us will miss. We will enter a world without Scholarly Papers or Culminating Exhibitions; a world where we can use our cell phones freely and urinate without the permission of our teacher. In the real world, Sareth won't throw away your lunch before you've taken your first bite. Of course, if you've made it this far - if you are graduating here tonight - there are surely things you will miss about this Old World as well. Maybe you'll miss coming to school early and being surprised by free hot chocolate, or that third period teacher who would always let you turn in your assignments late. It might be that coach that never let you quit and always pushed you to your limits, or that gorgeous girl (or guy) that you got to sit next to freshman year. It could be walking with your best friend to class everyday, or that giant excuse of a bear that sits in front of the cafeteria. Wha tever it may be, we will all leave this place with something that we will miss and cherish forever, even if we don't fully realize what that is today. We will also leave behind a number of beloved teachers, counselors, and other staff persons - many of whom have had huge impacts on getting us here tonight. We will surely miss the... ...ves: whose advice do we take - Martin Luther King Jr.'s or Homer J. Simpson's? Do we put our brooms in the closet of futility and go inside and watch TV, or do we take them out and sweep like no sweeper has ever swept before? No matter where our passage takes us, we must navigate it to the best of our abilities, or we will fail. In conclusion, I will leave you with one last thought from the founder and President of Habitat for Humanity, Millard Fuller, who put it best when he said: "It's not your blue blood, your pedigree or your college degree. It's what you do with your life that counts." I would like to thank you all and congratulate you for surviving four years of my speeches and suffering the pangs of my voice on the announcements nearly everyday this year - but you have heard my voice for the last time so clap loud. Let's graduate. Thank you and God Bless.

Post WW II and Japan Essays -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World War II took place beginning at 1939 and ending in 1945. Japan was the last opposing country to surrender to the US Allies on September 2nd, 1945. Ending the long, horrific seven-year war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upon Japan’s admitted defeat, the U.S. invaded and took occupation of the country for seven years. Though assumed to be a distressing circumstance and expected total domination, it was a benefit to Japan, for the United States to take control of them, rather than being a disadvantage. The occupation helped the recovery and development of Japan’s economy and also clarified understanding between the two countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the United States took control of Japan during late summer of 1945, it proved to be a milestone for the entire world. Never before had one advanced nation attempted to reform the supposed faults of another advanced nation from within (Reischauer 221).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both countries were uneasy, complaining the regarded issue at first. For the Americans, the very notion of democratizing Japan represented a stunning revision of the propaganda they had imbibed during the war. When the media had routinely depicted all Japanese as children, savages, sadists, madmen, or robots. In the most pervasive metaphor of dehumanization, they were portrayed in word and picture as apes, or â€Å"monkey-men† (Dower 213). There was much hatred for the Japanese by the American people, because of the negative depiction of them by the media and the remembrance of the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese that drove the U.S. to declare war on Japan in the first place. Many Americans displayed extreme prejudice for the Japanese people calling them â€Å"jaundiced baboons† or the more unsophisticated racial term, â€Å"Jap.† The United States viewed Japan as a collapsing nation that needed strict guidance from them in order to ch ange into the correct form of government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the first time in history, Japan was a conquered nation. The slogan, which Japan used to cope during the occupation, was â€Å"enduring the unendurable.† For some Japanese people, the U.S. occupation seemed like more of the same totalitarian leadership as of the emperor, therefore was indifferent to the new order. The rest feared that the Americans would be vengeful, cruel conquerors. The wil... ...tates and Japan is certainly an impressive achievement. Due to the aid and influences contributed by the United States, Japan is now a peaceful, fully restored nation that has improved beyond expectations. The economy is one of the best in the world, and there is no longer any hostility between the two nations. America helped Japan restore its economy and society to build it into a better nation that it is today. Bibliography Perez, Louis G. The History of Japan. London: Greenwood Press, 1998. Reischauer, Edwin O. JAPAN, The Story of a Nation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970. Morton, W.Scott. JAPAN, Its History and Culture. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. Area Handbook Series. Japan, a country study. Washington D.C.: Library of Congress, 1992. Beasley, W.G. The Modern History of JAPAN. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963. Koshiro, Yukiko. Trans-Pacific Racisms and the US Occupation of Japan. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. Beasley, W.G. The Rise of Modern Japan. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995. Thomas, J.E. Modern Japan. London: Longman Singapore Publishers Pte., 1996. Dower, John W. Embracing Defeat, Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: Norton, 1999.

Several Reasons For The Pollution Of Water Environmental Sciences Essay

There are several grounds for the pollution of H2O – metal, organic merchandises, every bit good as municipal, industrial and agricultural. ( Burande, Causes of Water Pollution ) May be the causes of H2O pollution caused by pollution beginnings of direct and indirect. Is the exchange of the former distillation and waste intervention workss, and workss. Emitted from the fluid of the different quality of H2O supply in urban countries. In the United States and some other states, and is controlled in these methods. However, the pollutants can be found still in the H2O organic structures. The latter is the proviso of H2O from the dirt, groundwater systems / by fertilisers, pesticides and industrial waste. This is besides through atmosphere such as bakeshops and mills and behavior vehicle emanations. It can besides be divided into non-organic pollutants, organic, and base / acid and radioactive substances.( Burande, Causes of Water Pollution )Causes of H2O pollutionThe chief beginnings of H2O pollution are as described below. Disposal of contaminated and / or hot H2O that was used for industrial intents. And overflow that contains a leak of crude oil merchandises. And overflow from building sites, farms, or other imperviable surfaces. Improper disposal of solid waste such as waste disposal on the range and compiled. In add-on, inordinate foods from overflow incorporating detergents or fertilisers besides called eutrophication. Geology of the groundwater extracted in footings of groundwater. Maltreatment of effluent discharged into the incorrect manner. The pattern of cut and burn agribusiness is switching cultivation agricultural systems. Radioactive stuffs from atomic power Stationss and industry, and the usage of medical, scientific and besides contribute. Uranium and Th excavation and refinement are some illustrations. Temperature is the chief ground, as it leads to the decease of many aquatic beings. And discharge of chilling H2O by mills and power workss reduces the temperature of H2O organic structures. Oil pollution is really harmful to the coastal wildlife. Oil spread over huge countries in the signifier of oil spills. If there are te sts of the dumping of oil or chemically treated, you may be marine ecosystems and beach vacations once more.( Burande, Causes of Water Pollution )Categorization of the causes of H2O pollutionMunicipal, industrial, agricultural and assorted classs of the causes of H2O pollution. The causes of the municipal H2O intervention of places and concerns. The chief aim was to turn to municipal effluent to cut down harmful bacteriums and substances that require O, and inorganic compounds assorted and suspended solids. The grounds for industrial vary harmonizing to demand biochemistry, and suspended solids, organic stuffs and inorganic. The grounds include farm animal, agricultural, commercial and breeding domestic fowl. These lead to relentless organic and inorganic in surface H2O and groundwater. ( Burande, Causes of Water Pollution )Effectss of Water PollutionSeen the effects of H2O pollution in the cool, heavy metals, agricultural countries, due to fertilisers, chemicals, oil and groundwate r taint. ( Burande )Effectss of Run-off PollutionChoose to rain on clay and soil and carries it to the H2O. If the soil and silt settee in the organic structure of H2O, and so forestall these sedimentations sunlight from making aquatic workss. If it is possible that the Sun does non make the workss, and this dice. These sedimentations can choke off the gills of fish and besides stifle the beings that live on the lower portion of the organic structure of H2O. ( Burande )Effectss of Oil Pollution and AntifreezeIf spilled oil in the H2O, and impacts on the ecosystem and harmful constituents. And can oppress many of the animate beings in instance of soaking up of oil. Oil has contaminated quarries can be a cause of decease for many. If the oil coats plumes, and these may decease. Oil, stop deading makes H2O an unpleasant olfactory property, and there is a gluey movie on the surface of the H2O, which kills animate beings. Oil is the most harmful pollutants in H2O. ( Burande )Contaminated Ground Water EffectsIf contaminated H2O enters the land, there may be serious effects. Peoples may go really ill and there is a possibility for the development of liver or kidney jobs, malignant neoplastic disease or other diseases. ( Burande )Fertilizers and other chemicalsNitrate in imbibing H2O lead to diseases of kids that may take to their deceases. Cadmium is a metal in the sludge derived fertilisers. Can be absorbed by these harvests. When people absorb this, they may do diarrheal upsets, liver and kidneys. Inorganic stuffs such as quicksilver, arsenic and lead are the causes of pollution. Other chemicals can besides take to jobs related to gustatory sensation and odor and colour of the H2O. Pesticides, PCBs and PCPs are toxic to all life. And pesticides are used in agribusiness, places and woods. Was found Cl and insularity in electrical transformers old. PCPs have been found in merchandises such as wood preservatives ( Burande )Effectss of Agricultural Water PollutionRain and irrigation H2O off the Bankss of cultivated land that has been fertilized and treated with pesticides, and the commixture of N with extra toxins in the H2O supply. This of toxic pesticides, H2O pollution, in a different place. Reason for the growing of aquatic workss take O from the H2O and the devastation of vegetations and zoologies of the watercourse and lakes and rivers. Fertilizers promote the growing of bacteriums in the H2O and increased concentration of bacteriums to unsafe degrees.( Burande )Effectss of Thermal Water PollutionIs cooled machines in industries with H2O from lakes and rivers. This H2O is up to the river in the instance of hot. This H2O reduces the system ‘s ability to go on to H2O and O is the growing of warm H2O species. ( Burande )Effectss of Heavy Metal Water PollutionHeavy metals such as lead, quicksilver, Fe, Cd, aluminium and Mg found in H2O beginnings. If these metals are found in deposits, and this up to the nutrient concatenation through wor kss and aquatic animate beings. This causes heavy metal poisoning in the instance of the H2O degree is really high. ( Burande )Some other effects of H2O pollutionIn rivers and oceans and seas and H2O pollution effects workss and animate beings at that place. Furthermore, birds and animate beings that consume contaminated nutrient supplies can decease. Blood diseases and upsets of the nervous system and bosom disease are some of the effects of H2O pollution. Many of the toxins in contaminated H2O leads to malignant neoplastic disease. Rarely, the organic structure can alter the construction of chromosomes. Some of the less powerful of the tegument lesions, purging, and diarrhoea.( Burande )Wayss to Prevent Water PollutionWater pollution is a major job we face today. Here are some ways to forestall it. ( Putatunda ) Although they cover more than 70 per centum of the Earth ‘s surface, H2O is one of the most cherished natural resources of our planet. The ground is that approximately 97 per centum of it is salty, and hence unfit for imbibing, has been locked more than 2 per centum in glaciers and polar ice caps, go forthing merely approximately 1 % utile for imbibing and cookery. Apart from clean imbibing H2O, and we besides need to conserve H2O in the oceans, rivers, lakes, non-polluting because otherwise harms the planet and we are really survival. With the human population is turning quickly that it led to us all the pollution of H2O resources of our planet, to the point, and objects alone and cherished ecosystems are being harmed and even decease at an dismaying rate. ( Putatunda )How is Water Pollution Caused?Despite the fact that some natural procedures may do some taint of H2O, but that human activity is the biggest cause of our seas, rivers and lakes contaminated happen. We need to ut ilize the H2O daily in both our industries, every bit good as our places. Get this H2O from groundwater beginnings, rivers and lakes, and after usage, and pollution in most instances, most of this H2O back to rivers, lakes, and oceans. ( Putatunda ) Water used for agricultural patterns, industrial and family uses the creative activity of effluent, besides referred to the effluent. If this flow is allowed once more to H2O systems, without being treated, it may do pollution, which result in injury to both human and carnal life. Contaminated H2O, as happens when there is storm H2O overflow from industrial, agricultural, and urban countries, which flow straight through storm drains in H2O systems without any intervention. ( Putatunda ) Disposal of sewerage a major job in developing states where there is no equal sanitation in big countries, and therefore transport the disease doing bacteriums and viruses in H2O beginnings. In states that are developed, people are frequently the flow of pharmaceutical merchandises and chemicals in the lavatory of their ain. ( Putatunda ) Some other causes of pollution, oil spills, ocean dumping, and dumping of refuse in the watercourses and rivers, oceans, such as composition board, newspapers, froth, rosin, plastic packaging, aluminium, glass, and so forth. Some of these take a really long clip to degrade, for illustration, can take 400 old ages, plastic packaging, Styrofoam takes 80 old ages, the froth takes 50 old ages, and aluminium takes 200 old ages. ( Putatunda ) Nuclear waste, and deposit in the ambiance and escape of belowground storage are some of the other causes of H2O pollution. ( Putatunda )

Locke and Publius

thr single Locke and Publius Valerius Publicola both believed in the capabilities of mickle to reason issue for themselves. This reason is grow in a commonwealth which is the harvest-tide of the concourses rationality, forming, framing and discernment that commonwealth. They both value the mickles ability to judge and defend things, and that these multitude atomic number 18 the great considerations in creating designs and laws in the community. washbasin Locke is an English philosopher who is considered to be a British empiricist, yet is an important advocate of the social contract speculation (Krishnananda, 2004). This theory is the view that tells us about the pecks moral (and political) obligations depends on an organisation which is set among them in fiat to mold our society. The ply lies in the people and that they be way above the government. The government is yet a tool of the people, such that they need the consent of these masses for them to go on with their politics. If not, it will purgetu bothy current of air to a rebellion.This means that the true power lies in the hands of the people, and that the government is merely a formulation of that power. The people atomic number 18 protected by the rights of life, liberty and comme il fautty, and that they gain full potential in recitation these rights. The government is thither to supervise and realise that these rights of the people atomic number 18 achieved, and if not, the people could favor to reinstate an former(a) government in the form of a rebellion.Lockes linear perspective greatly affected the political philosophical system and that he is considered to be a major prop one and only(a)nt of the gratis(p) theory. Being good-loo magnate means concerning yourself with the concerns of the people, thin faggot of their needs and benefit, analogous their health, housing, education their hypothesizes, their rights and liberties. Being liberal entails that you atomic number 18 looking ahead and not behind, organism open to overbold papers without rigid or violent reactions. The people ar the chief(prenominal) cause of liberalism. They be the ones treated as creation the close to important. It doesnt unsloped battle local governance, it shows that people should be treated well, always looking onward to meet their needs.Publius is a pseu come inym that was interpreted up by horse parsley Hamilton, crowd together Madison, and lavatory Jay. This is taken from the Roman consul Publius Valerius Publicola who was a proponent of the Roman Republic. Most of the literary productions be done by Alexander Hamilton, who wrote about 51 of the 85 Federalist reputations. mob Madison, who was greatly credited for the creation of the Constitution, has scripted about 29 of the papers. Mean dapple, John Jay, who wrote to a greater extent or less 5 Federalist papers, became the chief Justice of the Supreme Court.The federalist papers that they wrote were pioneering. It became proponents of the law- devising tree trunk of the country and that it could be accounted as important philosophical articles. When the Constitution was organism soundly scrutinized in the late 1787, it was directly survey to criticisms especi everyy by the anti-federalists. Anti-federalists papers beneath the pseudonym Cato and Brutus has surfaced.In response to that, Hamilton began musical com frame the federal papers to contradict the opponents of ratification. He responded by explaining the in the buff Constitution to pull in its ratification. He has compose the first federalist paper wishing to satis chemical element out outy answer all the objections that seem vague or hoodwink the circumspection of the people.Hamilton recruited former(a) people to import with him, and they took the roman name Publius, from Publius Valerius Publicola, who was not totally a defender of the public but actually one of those who has contributed in constitution it. He was one of the first consuls who took position after the Imperial rule and has hold it that way. He debate the institution and taking position of kings.His surname actually meant trembler of the people, that is why it really accommodates to be employ as a pseudonym by those who fights for the rights of the people. Hamilton. The writings were generally pro-people federalism, and how it values a large following of the republic. It gives power to the matter and state governments, and follows a veritable interchange power at that. Hamilton and the others advocated this cause, which they see is fit for the United States, basically because it unites the power and governance under one head. Leadership and angiotensin converting enzyme has really been a big factor in this set-up.On being liberal some(prenominal) John Locke and Publius (Hamilton, Madison, and Jay) atomic number 18 liberals. Both of them believe in welcoming new ideas without the rigidity of reactions and that they always see by dint of the peoples welfares. This is both their concern, making sure that they receive the appropriate attention in toll of benefits like housing, schools, rights and more. Their chance is looking ahead, and not regretting decisions that they overhear made.For John Locke, liberalism is a term attached with a muddle of meanings, and that you could associate a propagate of things to it. Locke associated liberalism with religion, wherein he all the wayly defines its difference with other symbols of liberalism. He compared religious liberalism to free-market liberalism, in terms of the age of existence. He verbalise that this type of liberalism is in support of religious emancipation, including tolerating it and the travel by delineation of the church service from the state.It in like manner gives the people freedom on how they will interpret the writings of the Scripture (Bible). This opens a new view for the people, since it is a per spective that rejects the idea of heresy, wherein you bathroom get expelled or denied from the church, seek and burned at the stake, or be excommunicated from the society, thus greatly affecting your job and could cause loss of life and property. all(prenominal) of this is because if holding several(predicate) or contradicting views of what is being taught in the church or by the religious authorities.Publius Valerius Publicolas take on liberalism was manifested by the writings, which put up to be pro-people. crimson though it takes into consideration the concerns of withdrawership and legal opinion the country, they still take the people as a very important factor in the interests of the country.He expresses his views and concerns regarding the peoples welfares by dint of enacting and passing laws that enrich their rights to certain liberties. Federalism helps in securing democracy and human rights because it is inclined as a free selection to the public. If ever they are not live up to in the condition of another place, aver another state, he can distinctly move to another. This is a receptive original of his efforts to promote liberty for the people even though he emphasizes on proper leadership and politics.Similarities and differencesAn evident similarity between Locke and Publius was their attachment to the people. For both of them, the people should be the center of concern and be the gratuity priority for the leaders. Locke considers giving the people freedom and freeing them from the unjust standards and laws that has been put up before. In Lockes time, people are wrongly tried, instantly getting devastation sentences when they oppose the view of church. He wishes to repeal that view and end the trials because of heresy.He valued the people to experience freedom not only with their right to live, but to be able to express themselves. They can also choose what they want to say for and against the church since it is their point of vie w. and m any(prenominal) opposed this, especially those hugging the robes of the priests and church officials of that time.On the other hand, Publius advocates the welfare of the masses with the fierceness of commixing under a star body of leadership. The surname itself is a manifestation of his attachment to the people. It means People-Minder or lifter of the people which he lives up to others expectations. He gave a chaw of benefits to these people, thus raising their confidence on the importance of leadership, an essential ingredient of federalism which is what Publius grow for.The federalist papers are manifestations of their attachment to the people. They scram devised it in a way that they are not hurting the interests of the majority while imposing unification under one head. Publius was proponent of excellent leadership, which doesnt misdirect the ideas of the people, sooner stresses on their interests. These papers where written to support the constitution, and th e constitution greatly considers the welfare of the people, along with these divers(prenominal) states.There are also obvious differences between the two. John Locke is more into the religious orientation. His ideology on liberalism was on a religious footing. It was clear that wishes to spread his ideas on religious liberalism to the people. John Locke is much more of a calmer personality, being peace loving in disposition. On the other hand, Publius was more on the political orientation. He gives emphasis on what it takes to be a leader of a nation, wherein all the power lies in his hands.He is undeniably a big influence in what we have today as the happy Federal government, which is why his outlook is extremely political. In one of the writings, Publius stressed his variability of people involving into factions.This is because it is detrimental in the interests of the federal state, and that it encourages conglomeration of people who are against something, instead of directl y addressing it to the federal government. This is to avoid an mental unsoundness in the power from the people, thus could lead into a political unrest. To prevent this, there are corresponding punishments to such alike(p) actions. This is a manifestation of his affirmation of public opinion with an iron hand while bosom liberalism.Locke and Publius attachment to reasonLocke has a clear view of reason and distinguishes it from what others perceive as faith. Faith for Locke is a settled, stable rationale which emanates of an assurance and has no shadow of doubt and hesitation. Faith can only be measured if a persons agreement is with respect to a testimonial from God, a response to the words of the actor himself. But the question of uncertainty arises here, wherein how can one be sure that the recommendation comes directly from God, or really is from God. whence we should have the liberty of checking on the believability whether or not it came from the Creator himself. measur e it against reason, Locke then distinguishes it by saying that it (reason) is the breakthrough of the actuality or the sureness of such claims or truths which the mind gets by making inferences and deductions. This are usually achieved with the use of mans natural facilities, by using his senses and reflecting on it.We have been given of a lot of ways to perceive things, including the perception of what is true, as it is related to reason. According to Locke, the reason is unified into the three degrees of knowledge, wherein it is related into making several(a) judgments. Comparing faith and reason, the former is said to be the agreement to something that is proposed which is not through the basis of reason, but instead found on Gods authority, his most extraordinary ways. God has been a factor as to how we tackle things. Reason is found on senses and Faith is based on Gods intervention.On the other hand, Publius has no concrete attachment to the model of reason, wherein all his accounts can be warrant towards his attitude on leadership and the elongation of peace and liberty in his reign. But as we can see, there whitethorn somewhat be a radio link on the concept of reason with his out of bounds of not affirming the rule of a king or monarchy, thus putting the rule into a sovereign body that would unify all necessary forces under one set of laws and rules.This is a manifestation that he is concerned with reason, such that having a king signifies something devoid of reason since there is a dictator. One cannot fully get the hold of liberty if there are those who are telling you what to do, and that is basically what the king does. So, this is a manifestation of Publius connection to reason.Locke on sexual abstentionAccording to John Locke, we refer to the nature of our thoughts, the words we speak, and the action that we do as virtue. It is basically the center of our Absolute-Experience wherein we can remove the meaning of real happiness, the tr ue finis of living a human life. We are veering towards self-realization, and as we go towards it, we dont mind fearing punishment and any other forms that could discourage us from our goal. We are moving towards it since it is the true goal in life. This is how Locke grasps the concept of virtue, just like how Publius sees it. consequenceJohn Locke and Publius are two different mindsets from different times. They may have different views on things, but they also have a lot of similarities. These two are truly great proponents of ideals and beliefs, and has been the reason for the establishment of various laws and regulations that are present in out society even today. Their eternal contributions had been the basis of various ideologies that has spurn out of time from other great people. They are truly amongst the strong foundations of our society and their ideas prove great importance for everyone in the society today. Because of their ideas, we really owe them a lot.ReferencesKr ishnananda, S. (2004). Studies in Comparative Philosophy John Locke. Retrieved April 2, 2007, from http//www.swami-krishnananda.org/com/com_lock.htmlLendering, J. (2005). Publius Valerius Publicola. Retrieved April 2, 2007, from http//www.livius.org/va-vh/valerius/publicola.html